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Direct Quote w/author
Direct Quote w/no author
Authors name in text
Paraphrased idea
Author's name in paraphrase
Block Quote
When citing a direct quote, place citation in parenthesis outside of the quotation marks, followed by a period.
Example:
| "When reaction times are compared, those subjects who had not had eight hours sleep were always slower" (Smith, 1983, p. 61). |
If the quote has no author, create a citation that references the first few words of the bibliographic reference (usually the title of the resource, sometimes a corporate author).
Example:
"When reaction times are compared, those subjects who had not had eight hours sleep were always slower" ("Reaction times," 1983, p. 61). |
If you will directly refer to the author's name in your writing, follow name with the date of publication and the quote with the page number.
Example:
| Smith (1983) found, "those subjects who had not had eight hours sleep were always slower" (p. 61). |
When you are paraphrasing an idea, place the reference at the end of the paraphrase.
Example:
Students who were able to sleep at least eight or more hours had faster reations than those who were deprived of sleep (Smith, 1983). |
It is always preferrable to indicate the coming paraphrase in text by using a paraphrase indicator. When you do so, list the date after the author's name.
Example:
According to Smith (1983), students who were able to sleep at least eight or more hours had faster reations than those who were deprived of sleep. |
Block quotes of three lines or more should be indented and double spaced.
Example:
Despite some research to the contrary, video games do little to aid in memory stimulation.
Children who spend on average one hour per day playing video games show little or no increase in memory activity. In fact, the repetitive nature of video
games typically decreases student retention and short term memory capabilities. Though video games have been shown to increase hand-eye coordination, the significance of this is limited. (Smith, 1983, p. 34).
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